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Obstetrics and gynaecology (OB-GYN) surgeries range from routine diagnostic procedures to life-saving emergency operations. These are generally divided into obstetric (related to pregnancy and childbirth) and gynaecological (related to the female reproductive system outside of pregnancy).
1. Common Obstetric Surgeries
These procedures focus on the health of the mother and fetus during pregnancy and delivery.
| Surgery/Procedure | Description | Common Indications |
| Caesarean Section (C-Section) | Surgical delivery of a baby through incisions in the abdomen and uterus. | Fetal distress, breech position, placenta previa, or failure to progress in labor. |
| Cervical Cerclage | Placing a stitch around the cervix to keep it closed. | Cervical insufficiency (to prevent premature birth). |
| Operative Vaginal Delivery | Use of Forceps or Vacuum extraction to assist in birth. | Maternal exhaustion or fetal distress during the second stage of labor. |
| Episiotomy & Repair | A surgical cut made at the opening of the vagina during childbirth. | To prevent extensive tearing or to speed up a difficult delivery. |
| Obstetric Hysterectomy | Emergency removal of the uterus immediately following birth. | Life-threatening postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) or uterine rupture. |
2. Common Gynaecological Surgeries
Gynaecological surgeries address conditions like fibroids, endometriosis, and cancers.
Major Surgeries
Hysterectomy: Removal of the uterus. It can be Total (uterus + cervix) or Subtotal (uterus only).
Myomectomy: Surgical removal of uterine fibroids while keeping the uterus intact. This is often preferred for patients wishing to maintain fertility.
Oophorectomy: Removal of one or both ovaries, often due to cysts, tumors, or to reduce cancer risk.
Minor & Diagnostic Procedures
Dilation and Curettage (D&C): Expanding the cervix to scrape the uterine lining. Used for miscarriages or diagnosing abnormal bleeding.
Hysteroscopy: Inserting a tiny camera through the cervix to view the inside of the uterus; often used to remove polyps or fibroids.
Tubal Ligation: “Tying the tubes” for permanent contraception.
3. Surgical Approaches
Modern OB-GYN surgery has shifted heavily toward Minimally Invasive Surgery (MIS) to reduce recovery time.
Laparoscopy (Keyhole Surgery): Performed through small 5–10mm incisions in the abdomen using a camera and specialized tools.
Robotic-Assisted Surgery: Uses a robotic system (like da Vinci) for high precision in complex cases like endometriosis or pelvic organ prolapse.
Vaginal Surgery: Surgeries performed entirely through the vaginal canal (e.g., vaginal hysterectomy), leaving no external scars.
Laparotomy (Open Surgery): A traditional large abdominal incision. This is usually reserved for very large tumors, advanced cancers, or emergency situations where speed is critical.